Posts Tagged ‘Botulinum Toxin Type’

Not all Botox is Created Equal

Sunday, July 18th, 2010
Michele Ellingsen recently asked:


Unfortunately, Botox received from one cosmetic procedure provider may not be exactly what you get at another. Even though Botox (botulinum toxin type A) is supplied to all doctors and facilities in a manufacturer’s vial containing 100 units of vacuum-dried neurotoxin complex, in order to be able to inject these active units of Botox, a physician must add a saline solution to get it in “liquid form.”

There are 100 units of Botox in every vial, and the more saline that is added to the vial, the less active units that will be present in each syringe. You should be aware that some may refer to this as the dilution process, but it is actually called “reconstitution.” So while each healthcare professional gets the same Botox product from the manufacturer, when it’s reconstituted for injection, strength and efficacy will differ depending on the amount of saline added. This brings to mind a number of questions for you to ask yourself before deciding on Botox injections.

With this in mind, you should be cautious when you see Botox offered at bargain prices. Everyone pays the same price to the vendor (Allergan) - so how can prices to patients vary so much? It doesn’t seem reasonable, does it? That’s because it isn’t, if manufacturer’s recommended reconstitution guidelines are followed. Botox at a “bargain” price almost always means it has been diluted far beyond what’s recommended (or effective).

A patient may assume that he or she is getting a “good dose” of Botox because the physician is injecting a large amount - but don’t confuse units of saline with units of actual Botox. Physicians who add more saline to the Botox vial than is suggested by the manufacturer, or by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), are administering a less effective injection of Botox - so you should always ask, “What is your reconstitution ratio?”

Also, some facilities quote a price based on the area of injection. You need to look further into this vague statement. As well as asking about the reconstitution ratio, you also need to ask a second important question, “how many units do you inject in that area?”

And, that begs the next question — what is their definition of an “area”. For instance, a provider may advertise “$99 per area”, but if the crow’s feet area is broken up into two areas, when in most practices it is considered one area, you’re not getting any bargain. Look, instead, for a dermatologist or plastic surgeon that charges for Botox “by the unit” so you only pay for the exact number of units you receive. Be sure that he or she follows ASPS guidelines on reconstitution, as well.

If you’re considering Botox, you want to be as educated as possible and do plenty of research before going ahead with the injections. Being the well-informed consumer of these products means being aware of exactly what is being used in your cosmetic treatment, whether the person administering your cosmetic treatment is qualified, and last, but not least, if you are even a candidate for Botox injectables.





Botox for Migraines

Saturday, June 12th, 2010
Sandra Kim Leong recently asked:


Botox (botulinum toxin) is a neurotoxin injection. Neurotoxins are the toxin that attacks the nerve cells. Botox is the sterile and vacuum-dried form of the botulinum toxin type A. It is usually produced from the Hall strain of Clostridium botulinum. Botox can be used in conditions where the hyperactivity of muscles causes the health and medical related problems.

Botox for migraines helps to weaken or paralyze the hyper activated muscles by suppressing the release of acetylcholine, which mainly causes the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural. This treatment can also be used for reducing the pain associated with the cervical dystonia, achalasia and rectal fissures. Botox is usually injected directly into the affected muscles.

There are different theories to explain the working of the Botox for the elimination of migraine headaches. According to one theory, as tension and spasms are the main causes of migraines, Botox eliminate the headaches by eliminating the muscle tension. It is also believed that Botox reduces the headaches by inhibiting the transmission of nerve cells. According to this theory headache is caused due to the increased amount of signals send by the nerves.

Since Botox for migraines take several weeks to take effect after the injection, it is better to not inject more than once every three months. The pain in the injected area remains for a couple of days after injecting the Botox. This can be pointed out as the main drawback of this neurotoxin. More studies are still performing on this neurotoxin.

You will need to consult their physician before taking the botulinum toxin type. Especially, the pregnant women and women who could become pregnant during the treatment must take advice from their physician. Botulinum toxin type A for migraines should never be used with any other botulinum toxin or any other medication that affect the nerves or muscles.

One of the main limitations for the use of Botox for migraines is the cost of treatment. The Botox injections are usually not covered by any insurance and the cost of Botox treatment can be around $350 for each targeted area. Hence this treatment is very expensive compared to the other migraines treatments such as the prescription drug lmitrex and nasal sprays. But the drugs like lmitrex and nasal sprays are only used as a preventative drug and are not designed to prevent all the migraine attack for up to four or more months like Botox.

Using Botox for migraines should be considered very carefully. It is still early days yet before one truly knows what all the side effects can be. There is considerable chance for occurring side effects during the Botox treatment period. Hence you are advised of the possibility of needing to take emergency medical attention if you experience any serious side effects such as an allergic reaction, difficulty in breathing, talking or swallowing, chest pain, irregular heartbeats or excessive muscl





Anti Aging Botox Treatment - Is This For You?

Wednesday, January 27th, 2010
Kelly Purden recently asked:


These days, most people find looks and physical appearance becoming more important. It is not only a matter of vanity since other factors of our life are affected. For example, a person who looks more presentable is more likely to get the desired job or promotion. A person who is younger looking may get more positive appraisals. A person who looks better may look more professional. Generally, the simple fact is, all of us want to look better, healthier and younger. With many positive effects, most people are willing to do a lot of things for appearances and beauty.

Nowadays, we are blessed with technology and innovation. Because of these gifts of the times, we are able to achieve more for our looks without having to be a millionaire or without putting ourselves in danger. The continuous creation of anti-aging products, for example, is now widely available to almost everyone in the whole world. Such anti-aging products and procedures enhance beauty and even boost self esteem. Also, we have to take note that in these modern times, women as well as men, are blessed with such amazing anti-aging products.

One of the most common anti-aging products available to us is the Botox. Botox, the commercial trade name for Botulinum Toxin Type A is injected into the muscles to block the contact between nerve endings and muscle fibers. This is an anti-aging procedure in order to lessen fine frown lines. Botox treatment may be recommended for both men and women between the ages 18 to 65.

Botox treatment is becoming more popular today all over US, Europe and even Asian countries. Both men and women acquire the anti-aging product mostly for aesthetic purposes. The treatment works by blocking nerve transmissions, thus reducing the muscle movement around the area it is applied to (usually around the lips and mouth) to reduce wrinkles and lines.

A person wanting to have this treatment must first consult a medical physical like a cosmetic doctor and disclose his or her medical condition and history. Though it is proven safe, knowing about it provides better understanding. A thorough knowledge should be available before undergoing any kind of treatment.

The procedure of Botox can last only for a few minutes. The doctor will usually perform injections before applying Botox to test the area being treated. Being a non-surgical procedure, most Botox treatment causes minimal discomfort, also anesthesia is not required. A few days after the injection, the reduction of lines and wrinkles become more apparent.

The disadvantage with having Botox treatment is that it wears off. After about three to four months, the wrinkles may reappear again, thus needing another set of Botox treatment. Also, some people experience discomforts such as headaches, nausea, twitching of the eyes, and facial pain, however, these are only temporary.

For those people who do not see Botox treatment as the solution for aging problems, there are numerous anti-aging products which are also proven effective. The type of treatment or product for achieving healthy and young-looking skin may depend on the person’s wants, needs, tolerance, and level of improvement needed.





Botox Cosmetic: Making Your Skin Look Good At Any Age

Tuesday, December 1st, 2009
Tammy Garcia recently asked:


Botox Cosmetic is a non-surgical treatment that can enhance your appearance by selectively relaxing individual muscle groups to smooth and contour your ****** profile. And with over 3 million treatments performed in 2005, its clearly one of the top requested procedures. But how do you know if it’s right for you?

Let’s start with the process. Botox injection is a very simple process that can be accomplished in under 30 minutes, depending on the number of desired treatment areas. A topical anesthetic is used to numb the areas to be treated with Botox. Then small amounts of Botox are injected into the skin with a thin needle. Pain and discomfort is usually minimal, and does not persist after the injection process.

For many people, the promise of a more youthful look is tempting. Botox can help reduce the frown lines between the eyebrows, or reduce the fine lines that begin to form at the corners of your mouth. As long as a person leads a healthy, active life, why not look young and healthy as well?

Botulinum Toxin Type A (Botox Cosmetic) is a protein complex produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which contains the same toxin that causes food poisoning. Yet when this same protein is used in a medical setting, small doses of this chemical will block the release of a chemical called acetylcholine by nerve cells that signal muscle contraction. By specifically targeting ****** muscles and interfering with their ability to react to ****** movement, existing lines are smoothed out and become nearly invisible in about one week.

For people that hold high profile jobs, or for people that desire to maintain a life long youthful look, Botox may truly be the fountain of youth. But keep in mind that along with the benefits can also be hindrances.

If you are considering Botox treatment, be sure to find a qualified doctor to perform the procedure. Because of the rise in popularity of Botox, mass marketing of the drug has caused many complications that could be avoided by selecting a reputable cosmetic surgeon.

The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery has reported a number of unqualified people dispensing Botox in non-medical facilities, such as salons, gyms and other retail venues. Remember, Botox is a prescription drug that should be administered by a qualified physician, and should be performed in an appropriate medical setting. Safety should be your prime concern when selecting a physician.

While Botox is not a lasting procedure, it is one that will give you dramatic results for three to six months. By repeating the procedure two or three times a year, you can have the life long results you’ve been looking for.





Botox® (botox® Cosmetic) Wrinkle Free Solutions

Sunday, July 5th, 2009
Dr HariMuralidharan recently asked:


BOTOX®     (BOTOX® COSMETIC) Wrinkle free Solutions

Dr. Hari Muraleedharan Msc,PhD,MA

Microbiologist

                                It is the hottest craze. With one minute injection, within minutes your face can be youthful, devoid of any unsightly wrinkles. BOTOX® clinics are popping up all over the country, helping clients venture back a few years into their past. A hub for beauty, unblemished skin, and eternal youth. Now a day’s most of the senior film stars were using BOTOX® to keep their porcelain skin wrinkle free. Although BOTOX® has been used for other conditions in the past such as neck spasms, cranial nerve disorders and eye spasms, when the FDA finally approved BOTOX® to be used to treat wrinkles, the popularity of the toxin rose tremendously.

                  BOTOX® is currently the only form of botulisum toxin approved for such cosmetic purposes. It is a nonsurgical, physician-administered treatment that can temporarily reduce moderate to severe frown lines between the brows in patients 18 to 65 years of age. It is a mixture of several protoplasmic proteins that are released from cells after autolysis. BOTOX® is the brand name for a special formulation of botulinum toxin A manufactured by Allergan Inc., of Irvine, CA, U.S.A.,. BOTOX® is used to generate lines or wrinkles between the eyebrows look better. Initially, the toxin was used for eye muscle problems.

What is BOTOX® COSMETIC?

BOTOX® COSMETIC (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex is a sterile, vacuum-dried purified botulinum toxin type A, produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum type A grown in a medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose and yeast extract. It is purified from the culture solution by dialysis and a series of acid precipitations to a complex consisting of the neurotoxin, and several accessory proteins. The complex is dissolved in sterile sodium chloride solution containing albumin human and is sterile filtered (0.2 microns) prior to filling and vacuum-drying. The specific activity of BOTOX® COSMETIC is approximately 20 units/nanogram of neurotoxin protein complex. Each vial of BOTOX® COSMETIC contains 100 units (U) of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex, 0.5 milligrams of albumin (human), and 0.9 milligrams of sodium chloride in a sterile, vacuum-dried form without a preservative.

How was this found?

                         United States Food and Drug Aadmistration (FDA) approved BOTOX® over 10 years ago to treat certain problems with the eye muscle. Doctors observed that some wrinkles around the eyes looked better, too. The company that makes BOTOX® tested it. They showed the FDA that BOTOX® worked and was safe for treating some kinds of wrinkles. The lines that appear between your brows actually result from muscle movement and the passage of time. Two muscles are largely responsible for frown lines between the brows. When those muscles contract, they draw the brows together. As skin becomes less elastic over time, repeated frowning can result in those moderate to severe lines between your brows. BOTOX® works by blocking nerve impulses, which reduces the movement of those muscles. With less movement, the skin surface gradually smoothes out, and the moderate to severe frown lines between your brows begin to fade. A doctor skilled in the use of BOTOX® will inject little amounts of BOTOX® into the muscle. Only the `treated muscle can’t move. BOTOX® works for about four months. As the muscle returns to normal, you will see the wrinkle again.

 How is BOTOX® Tested for Potency?

                  The standard method for assessing the potency of BOTOX® is the LD50 Test. This test involves giving mice a single injection of the product into their abdominal cavity and seeing if they die within 3-4 days. The mice are first assigned to one of various dose groups. The aim of the test is to approximation the dose that kills 50% of the animals (hence the name “Lethal Dose 50%”). The LD value is designated as a unit (U) or a Mouse Unit (MU) of potency. The lower the LD50 value (or the U or MU), the higher the potency. Approximately 100 mice have conventionally been used to test each batch of botulinum toxins products, though Allergan has claimed that the company has significantly reduced this number.  Depending on the dose injected and the potency of the batch being assessed, the test animals experience differing levels of muscular paralysis and impaired vision. The end point of the LD50 Test is death, usually by suffocation after the respiratory muscle becomes paralyzed.

Background of hazardous bacterial toxin as a biological weapon

                                           The term “toxin” means the toxic material of plants, animals, microorganisms, viruses, fungi, or infectious substances, or a recombinant molecule, whatever its origin or method of production, including – (A) any poisonous substance or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology produced by a living organism; or (B) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or derivative of such a substance.

                       Over 60 years ago, botulinum toxin was first developed as a biological weapon; it can be aerosolised, or used to contaminate food, and the estimated lethal oral dose is 70 µg. Botulism is a rare paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BT), a protein produced by the soil anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Eight types of Cl. botulinum have been identified (Types A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G) based on the immunological diversity in the toxins produced by them. The toxins are proteins with molecular weights of approximately 70,000 mgD. Botulinum toxin is the most poisonous substance known and the microorganism that manufactures it is relatively easy to isolate from nature and to culture. The only problem is making sure that oxygen is excluded from cultures. Despite its large size, the toxin molecule is stable enough to be dispersed as an aerosol. The toxin was considered for use as a major biological weapon by Britain and Japan during the 1930’s and there are suggestions that it was used by the Japanese to poison streams used as water sources by the Soviets. It has also been suggested that either the microorganism or the toxin were incorporated into grenades used in the assassination of the Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler’s likely successor and Reichsprotektor of Czechoslovakia.

                              A biological warfare attack with botulinum toxin delivered by aerosol will expected to cause symptoms similar in most respects to those observed with food-borne botulism. Commercially this organism attacked in canned food industry due to contamination. Proper sterilization will remove these organisms. In pure form, the toxin is a white crystalline substance, which is readily dissolvable in water, but decays rapidly in the open air. The lethal dose of toxin is very minute amount, for mice, its amount is 0.000,000,033 mg .The lethal dose of human being is probably 1-2 µg. It is a neurotoxin and acts gradually, taking several hours to kill.

                         Naturally-occurring cases of botulism arise from food spoiling in the absence of oxygen in canned foods. The commonest source historically has been spoiled meat, notably sausage (the species name derives from the Latin botulus meaning “sausage”) and poultry (especially duck), and improperly sterilized canned foods.  The neurotoxin produced from Clostridium tetani (tetanus toxin)another bacteria from some genus is encountered by humans as a result of wounds and remains a serious public health problem in developing countries around the world.

How long does the effect last?

        BOTOX® can help by reducing the over activity of the muscles very quickly. In fact, most people begin to see results within the first two weeks. Generally, BOTOX® provides release of spasticity in the injected muscle for over three months (12-14 weeks). Then patients begin to notice a gradual fading of its effects over several weeks. At this point the doctor can give another treatment. BOTOX® treatment may be required three or four times a year. It is not given more frequently than every three months.

Side effects may include:

                                 All prescriptions may have some side effects. With BOTOX®, side effects are usually transient and mild to moderate in nature. Side effects are usually temporary, and BOTOX® is generally well tolerated. Mild bruising or swelling may occur at the site of the injection. The treatment may also cause a brief headache. In rare cases, the injections may cause the eyebrow or upper eyelid to droop, but this condition is temporary and corrects itself without treatment within 2 to 3 weeks. The effects of      BOTOX® may be increased with the use of certain antibiotics or other drugs that interfere with neuromuscular transmission. Ensure your doctor is aware of any current medications you are taking. If you have any questions regarding the use of BOTOX® treatment, please consult your doctor. Some side effects includes

• Droopy eyelids, which can last for a few weeks

• Feeling like you have the flu

• Headache and upset stomach

• Risk of botulism (a life or death illness that makes it hard for a person to move the arms and legs or to breathe) is low with BOTOX® if used the right way

                      Most patients experience minimal pain or discomfort following injections. Swelling and puffiness at the site of the injection usually subside within a few days. Care must be taken to keep the head upright and avoid massaging the treated area, so that the BOTOX® affects only the desired areas.

Who Markets BOTOX®?

BOTOX® is marketed by Allergan, Incorporated, which describes itself as “a global specialty pharmaceutical company that develops and commercializes innovative products for the eye care, neuromodulator, skin care and other specialty markets.” Allergan made over $1.2 billion dollars in net BOTOX® sales in 2007. 50% of that ($606 million) came from BOTOX® COSMETIC. Total yearly sales of BOTOX® increased 406% between 2000 and 2007. Net sales in 2007 for all Allergan products reached $3.88 billion, of which BOTOX® and BOTOX® COSMETIC accounted for 31%.

In order to learn more specifically about the product BOTOX® please visit the official Allergan site, where you can also find listings of private offices offering a variety of services to treat many aesthetic issues, such as wrinkle reduction. Most wrinkles may be treated with BOTOX® injections.

References:

1. Wang YC, Burr DH, Korthals GJ, Sugiyama H. Acute toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics as an aid in detecting botulism. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48:951-955.

2. Allergan (ELN 1145) BOTOX® COSMETIC (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex(Glabellar Lines) Manufactured by: Allergan Pharmaceuticals (Ireland) Ltd. A subsidiary of: Allergan, Inc. 2525 Dupont Dr. Irvine, California 92612.

3. Bazbek Davletov, Mark Bajohrs  and Thomas Binz, Beyond BOTOX: advantages and limitations of individual botulinum neurotoxins, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.8 August 2005.

4. Harimuraleedharan , Book: Bioterrorism (Releasing book  review),Tamilnadu book house,Chapter:Biological agents/clostridium.

5. Teguh Thajeb, Yi-Min Chen, Dao-Fu Dai, Daniel Daile Thajeb, Peterus Thajeb Botulism: A Frequently Forgotten Old Malady, Review Article, International Journal of Gerontology | September 2007 | Vol 1 | No 3.

6. Lewis, C. (2002) Botox Cosmetic: A look at looking good. FDA Consumer Magazine July–August, 1–4 .

Guidelines for BOTOX® Reconstitution

1.

Using the reconstitution needle, draw up the proper amount of saline (see dilution table) in the appropriately sized sterile syringe. A 21-gauge, 1®-inch needle is recommended for reconstitution. Reconstituted BOTOX® neurotoxin should be clear, colorless, and free of particulate matter.

2.

Insert the needle at a 45º angle and slowly inject the saline into the BOTOX® vial. Vacuum is present in the vial, which demonstrates that the sterility of the vial is intact. Do not use the vial if the vacuum does not pull the saline into the vial.

3.

Release the vacuum by disconnecting the syringe from the needle and allowing air to flow into the vial. Gently mix BOTOX® neurotoxin with the saline by moving vial side-to-side or rotating the vial.

4.

Draw the fluid into the injection syringe by placing the needle into the bottom corner of the vial for full extraction. Do not completely invert the vial.

5.

Disconnect the injection syringe from the vial and attach an appropriate needle for injection. A 25-, 27-, or 30-gauge needle may be used for superficial muscles, and a longer 22-gauge needle may be used for deeper musculature.

Note: Because the product and diluent do not contain a preservative, use within 4 hours once opened and reconstituted. During the 4 hours, BOTOX® solution should be stored in a refrigerator at 2ºC to 8ºC.






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